Critical minerals have become the "new gold" or "new oil" of the 21st century, playing a key role in national development and global competition. They are essential for driving the green energy transition and powering future technologies, including electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, and artificial intelligence. For Indonesia, this presents both an opportunity and a challenge. With significant reserves of nickel and other critical minerals, Indonesia has invested heavily in building its downstream industry, especially in smelting and refining. This mirrors past strategies where natural resources were used to boost economic development, but it also raises important questions about sustainability, governance, and community impact. 

Globally, the race to secure critical minerals has raised concerns about supply chain dependence, particularly on China, which dominates the market. Both U.S. and Indonesian policymakers are seeking ways to reduce this reliance through strategies that aim to "de-risk" supply chains without cutting ties completely. This has led to increased attention on alliances, trade agreements, and cooperation frameworks, with Indonesia emerging as a key player. At the same time, balancing industrial growth with high environmental and social standards remains a challenge, as seen in places like Sulawesi in Indonesia and Thacker Pass in the United States. Both countries also face skills shortages, highlighting the need for education and training partnerships. These shared interests open the door for greater U.S.- Indonesia cooperation, including agreements on mineral trade, joint investment in processing facilities, and business partnerships. Therefore, CSIS, in cooperation with the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy Georgetown University, is organizing a webinar to explore these issues and strengthen collaboration between the two countries in the critical minerals sector.